Our search on “prostatic neoplasm” yielded more than 100,000 peer-reviewed publications. 4, 5 Until recently, there have been insufficient data on this topic, especially postcancer diagnosis, in part because, “research on the relational context of cancer and sexuality has tended to be heteronormative, assuming that men are in long-term, monogamous heterosexual relationships, thus excluding the experiences of single and gay men.” 6 3 Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer may have differential health-related quality of life and sexual health outcomes than heterosexual men with prostate cancer, but existing information is almost always based on small studies, clinical case studies, or an anecdote. 2 Data on sexual orientation are not typically part of cancer surveillance, resulting in scarce information about cancer in sexual minorities. However, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 1 report on LGBT health highlighted the lack of information currently available about the health of LGBT populations. I mproving the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals is a Healthy People 2020 goal. Six future directions, to advance the study of the effects of prostate cancer in GBM and to improve treatment, are detailed. Based on this admittedly limited literature, GBM appear to be screened for prostate cancer less than other men and are diagnosed with prostate cancer at about the same rate, but have poorer sexual function and quality-of-life outcomes.Ĭonclusion: Methodological challenges to advancing research include challenges in subject identification, recruitment, heterocentric definitions of dysfunction based on vaginal intercourse and penetrative sex, and inappropriate measures. Globally, only four quantitative studies have been published. Antiretroviral treatment appears protective. There is some evidence of a link between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive status and prostate cancer, with early studies showing HIV infection as a risk factor and more recent studies as it being protective. With only 30 published articles in English (a rate of 1.9 articles per year), most of the literature is limited to case studies or anecdotal reports. Results: Despite prostate cancer being the most common cancer in GBM, the main finding of this review is that prostate cancer in GBM is very under-researched. Methods: In 2015, we undertook a structured literature review of all studies from 2000 to 2015. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on prostate cancer in GBM, including its epidemiology, clinical studies, and anecdotal reports. Purpose: Prostate cancer in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) is an emerging medical and public health concern.